Classic Books and Articles (Alphabetical)

The purpose of this site is to preserve and share foundational texts and historical documents that illustrate the evolution of care for premature and critically ill newborns. These resources include writings by or about early pioneers such as Pierre Budin, Stéphane Étienne Tarnier, Martin Couney, Alexandre Lion, Julius Hess, and others whose innovations shaped modern neonatology.

The materials linked or reproduced here are in the public domain or are provided under educational fair use. They are intended for clinicians, historians, educators, students, and anyone interested in the history of neonatal care.

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Classic Articles in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (Alphabetical)

• AAP Historical Archives Advisory Committee: American Pediatrics: Milestones at the Millenium  from Pediatrics, June, 2001.
• AAP Perinatal Section Ad Hoc Committee on Perinatal History: Martin Couney’s Story Revisited, 1997. Reproduced by permission of Pediatrics.
• Administration générale de l’Assistance publique à Paris, Hôpital de la Maternité, 1903. Scanned version. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Adriance, Vanderpoel: Premature Infants, 1901.
• Allin, Frank W.: The Baby-Tents of Chicago, 1911.
• Annan, R.: Case of a Child Born Betwixt the End of the Sixth and Middle of the Seventh Month and Brought Up, 1848.
• Apgar, Virginia: A Proposal for a New Method of Evaluation of the Newborn Infant, 1953.
• Arrault: Abrégé Historique de l’Etablissement de l’Hôpital des Enfans-Trouvés , 1746.
• Auvard, A.: De La Couveuse Pour Enfants, 1883.  (French)
• Auvard, A.: Nouvelle Couveuse Pour Enfants, 1889.  (Scan of original article)
• Avery, Mary Ellen and Mead, Jere: Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease, 1959.
• Bachoué, L.: Les Couveuses pour Enfants a la Maternité, L’Illustration Journal Universel, Paris, January 2, 1897
• Baines, M. A.: Excessive Infant-Mortality: How Can It Be Stayed?, 1862.
• Ballantyne, J. W.: The Problem of the Premature Infant, 1902.
• Bar, Paul: Le Professeur S. Tarnier, 1828-1897, 1897. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Bartlett, John: The Warming-Crib (scanned original), The Warming Crib (transcribed version), Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, May 1887.
• Baumes, Thimotée: Traité de l’Ictère ou Jaunisse des Enfants de Naissance [Treatise on Icterus or Jaundice of the Newborn] , 1806.
• Bettmann, Henry W.: Premature Labor and the New-Born Child, 1892.
• Bizzell, W. D.: Prolonged Asphyxia in the New-Born Infant, 1885.
• Blacker, G. F.: The Care and Feeding of Premature Infants, 1898.
• Blackfan, Kenneth D.: Apparatus for Collecting Infants’ Blood for the Wassermann Reaction, 1912.
• Bonnaire: Des Inhalations d’Oxygène chez les Nouveau-Nés [Inhalations of Oxygen by the New-Born] , Journal de Médecine de Paris, pp. 312-314, June 28, 1891.
• Brandt, J. Egerton: The Children’s Incubator, 1895.
• Brisbane, Arthur: The Incubator Baby and Niagara Falls, 1901.
• Brown, Alan and George, Ruggles: The Care and Feeding of the Premature Infant, 1917.
• Brown, Edward J.: A New Baby Incubator, 1892.
• Budin, Pierre: Le Professeur Tarnier , Le Progrès Médical Paris, pp. 289-293, May 7, 1898.
• Budin, Pierre: Les Consultations de Nourrisons, 1905. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Budin, Pierre: La Mortalité Infantile dans les Bouches-du-Rhone, 1907. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Budin, Pierre: De l’Embryotomie sur l’Enfant Vivant, Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France. 1906.
• Budin, Pierre: Étude sur la Mortalité de la Première Enfance, 1904. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Budin, Pierre: Service des Enfants Débiles a la Maternité, Année 1895-1897, 1896-1899. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Budin, Pierre: Statistique de la Maternité de Paris, 1898. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Budin, Pierre: La Mortalité Infantile de 0 à 1 an, 1903. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Budin, Pierre: Statistique de la Maternité de Paris, du 1er janvier 1895 au 28 février 1898, 1898. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Budin, Pierre: Traitement prophylactique de l’ophtalmie des nouveaux-nés, par le nitrate d’argent en solution faible, à 1 pour 150, 1895. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Cameron, Glenhill: Quick, Another Baby’s Here!, Colliers, 1950.
• Chapin, H. D.: The Rearing of Premature Children by Means of Incubators, 1900.
• Chapple, Charles C.: An Incubator for Infants, 1938.
• Chavasse, Pye Henry: Advice to a mother on the management of her children and on the treatment on the moment of some of their more pressing illnesses and accidents, 1880.
• Ciaudo, Joseph: La Maternité “Lion de Nice” pour enfants nés avant terme ou débiles, 1895. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Coffin, A. I.: Treatment of the Child, from Treatise on Midwifery, 1878.
• Conyers, Richard: De Morbis Infantum , 1729.
• Cragin, Edwin B.: The Sloane Hospital Incubator, 1914.
• Crandall, Floyd M: Hospitalism, 1897.
• Credé, Carl Siegmund Franz: Ueber Erwärmungsgeräthe für frühgeborene und schwächliche kleine Kinder, Archiv für Gynäkologie 24:128-147, 1884. [scan of original article in German] Source: Google Books.
• Credé, Carl Siegmund Franz: Ueber Erwärmungsgeräthe für frühgeborene und schwächliche kleine Kinder [Concerning warming devices for prematures and feeble tiny children], Archiv für Gynäkologie 24:128-147, 1884. German with English translation, transcribed from the scanned article for readability.
• Credé, Carl Siegmund Franz: Die Verhütung der Ausgenentzuendung der Neugeborenen [The prevention of inflammation of the newborn], 1881. 
• Darwall, John: Plain Instructions for the Management of Infants, 1830.
• Davis, John Bunnell: A Cursory Inquiry Into Some of the Principal Causes of Mortality Among Children, 1817.
• De Lee, Joseph B.: Asphyxia Neonatorum: Causation and Treatment, 1897.
• De Lee, Joseph B.: Infant Incubation, with the Presentation of a New Incubator and a Description of the System at the Chicago Lying-In Hospital, 1902.
• Denucé, Jean-Louis-Paul: Berceau incubateur pour les enfants nés avant terme [Incubating cradle for children born before term], Journal de Médicine de Bordeaux, December, 1857. With English translation.
• Denucé, Jean-Louis-Paul: Berceau incubateur pour les enfants nés avant terme [Incubating cradle for children born before term], Journal de Médicine de Bordeaux, December, 1857.  (scanned original)
• Diffre, Dr.: Présentation de la Couveuse-Berceau, 1898. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Diffre, Dr.: Nouveau Système de Couveuse pour les Nouveau-Nés, 1890. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Dobbs, R.H. and Cremer, R. J.: Phototherapy, 1975.
• von Doepp, Ph.: Bemerkungen über einige Krankheiten der Säuglinge [Remarks about several illnesses of babies] , 1835.
• Down, J. Langdon H.: Observations on an Ethnic Classification of Idiots, 1866.
• Durham, Roger: Notes on the Care of Premature Infants, 1912.
• Dubowitz, Lilly et al: Clinical Assessment of Gestational Age in the Newborn, 1970. 
• Editors, Maternal and Child Welfare, London: Pierre Budin and His Work, 1918.
• Editors, Buffalo Medical Journal: Some Medical Aspects of the Pan-American Exposition: Infant Incubators, 1901.
• Editors, Le Monde Illustré, Paris: Les nouvelles couveuses pour enfants [The new incubators for infants], 1884.
• Editors, Occidental Medical Times, Mme. Henri’s Couveuse Department at the Paris Maternité, 1894.
• Editors, Pediatrics: Exhibit of Infant Incubators at the Pan-American Exhibition, 1901.
• Editors, Pediatrics: Exhibit of Infant Incubators at the Pan-American Exposition, 1901.
• Editors, Scientific American: Baby Incubators at the Pan-American Exposition, 1901.
• Editors, Scientific American: Artificial Mother for Infants, 1888.
• Editors, The Illustrated London News: Incubators for Infants, 1884.
• Editors, The Lancet: The Couvreuse, or Mechanical Nurse, 1883.
• Editors, The Lancet: The Victorian Era Exhibition at Earl’s Court, 1897.
• Editors, The Lancet: The Use of Incubators for Infants, 1897.
• Editors, The Lancet: The Danger of Making a Public Show of Incubators for Babies, 1898.
• Editors, The Lancet: Immature Infants in France, January 16, 1897, page 196.
• Editors, The Literary Digest: Lion Incubators, 1898.
• Editors, The Manufacturer and Builder: Artificial Child Incubation, 1883.
• Editors, The New York Times: A Wee Child in an Incubator, 1891.
• Editors, The Family Circle, Beginner’s Luck (Martin Couney at the NY World’s Fair), 1939
• Editors, Gazette Médicale de Paris: Les Couveuses pour Enfants, Vol. 11 No. 3, 1900.
• Énault, Louis: “La Maternité Lion,” Journal of the Bordeaux Exposition,1895
• Entz, Mlle.: Consultations de Nourrissons, thesis, 1900
• Eustache, G.: Une Nouvelle Couveuse pour Enfants Nouveau-Nés (A New Incubator for Newborn Infants), 1885. As published in Journal des Sciences Médicales de Lille. (scanned pages)
• Eustache, G.: Une Nouvelle Couveuse pour Enfants Nouveau-Nés , 1884. As published as an offprint by Societe Industrielle du Nord de la France. Source: Gallica.fr / National Library of France. 
• Flagg, Paluel J.: Treatment of Asphyxia in the New-Born, 1928.
• Fullerton, Anna M.: The Ailments of Early Infancy, chapter 11 of A Handbook of Obstetrical Nursing, 1891. Source: Library of Congress.
• Furst, L.: Über Wärmevorrichtungen für zu früh geborene oder lebensschwache Kinder, 1887.
• Gautier, A.: Décès de M. P. Budin [The Death of Professor Budin], 1907.
• Gignoux, Jean: Des avantages au point de vue hospitalier de la chambre couveuse, installée a la Charité de Lyon, 1898. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France. 
• Gluck, Louis: Perspectives in Perinatology, Present and Future, 1974
• Godson, Clement: Hearson’s Thermostatic Nurse, Illustrated London News, April 12, 1894.
• Gould, George M. and Pyle, Walter L.: Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine, Chapter 4, “Prolificity,” 1900.
• Graham, Edwin E.: Infant Mortality, 1908.
• Green, Robert M. and Swift, John B.: Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn, 1911.
• Gross, Robert E., and Hubbard, John P.: Surgical Ligation of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus, 1939.
• Harris, Walter: De Morbis Acutis Infantum, 1689 (this printing is from 1720, Latin version) Source: Wellcome Collection.
• Harris, Walter: De Morbis Acutis Infantum, translated into English as An Exact Inquiry into the Diseases of Infants by William Cockburn in 1693, this printing is from 1694. Source: Internet Archive.
• Halstead, Murat: See the Incubator Babies, 1904.
• Helmholz, Henry F.: The Longitudinal Sinus as the Place of Preference in Infancy for Intravenous Aspirations and Injections, Including Transfusion, 1915.
• Henderson, Yandell: The Prevention and Treatment of Asphyxia in the New-Born, 1928.
• Hendrick, Burton J.: Solving the Problem of Infant Mortality, 1917.
• Henry, M.: Fondation du pavilion des enfantes débiles à la Maternité de Paris [Foundation of the Pavilion of Sick Infants at the Maternity of Paris] , Revue des Maladies de l’Enfance, Vol. 15, pp. 142-154, 1908. (French)
• Henry, M.: Fondation du pavilion des enfantes débiles à la Maternité de Paris [Foundation of the Pavilion of Sick Infants at the Maternity of Paris] , Revue des Maladies de l’Enfance, Vol. 15, pp. 142-154, 1908. (English translation)
• Hess, Julius H.: A Study of the Caloric Needs of Premature Infants, 1911.
• Hess, Julius H.: An Electric-Heated Water-Jacketed Infant Incubator and Bed, 1915.
• Hess, Julius H.: Premature and Congenitally Diseased Infants, 1922. Scanned book. Source: Google Books.
• Hess, Julius H: Infant Feeding: A Handbook for the Practitioner, 1924.
• Hess, Julius H.: Heated Bed for Transportation of Premature Infants, 1923.
• Hess, Julius H.: Oxygen Unit for Premature and Very Young Infants, 1934.
• Hess, Julius H.: Chicago Plan for Care of Premature Infants, 1951.
• Hess, Julius H.: Experiences Gained in a Thirty-Year Study of Prematurely Born Infants, 1953.
• Holt, L. Emmett: The Scope and Limitations of Hospitals for Infants, 1898.
• Holt, L. Emmett: Infant Mortality, Ancient and Modern, An Historical Sketch, 1913.
• Huenekens, E. J.: Care of the New-Born in the First Weeks of Life, 1923.
• Jacobi, Abraham: The Best Means of Combating Infant Mortality, 1912.
• Jacobi, Abraham: Infant Feeding – A Review, 1896.
• Jennings, O.: An Improved System of Incubators, 1896.
• Keating, John M.: Infant Feeding, 1884.
• Knapp, Ludwig: Der Scheintod der Neugeborenen, 1898.
• La Fetra, L. E.: The Hospital Care of Premature Infants, 1916.
• La Huerta, R. Mainar: Incubadoras para Criaturas [Maternité Lion in Barcelona], 1902.
• Lambert, Samuel W.: Melaena Neonatorum with Report of a Case Cured by Transfusion, 1908.
• Liebling, A. J.: Patron of the Preemies, 1939. Reprinted by the permission of Russell & Volkening as agents for the author. Copyright © 1939 by A. J. Liebling, copyright renewed 1967 by Norma Stonehill.
• Little, W. J.: On the Influence of Abnormal Parturition, Difficult Labours, Premature Birth, and Asphyxia Neonatorum, on the Mental and Physical Condition of the Child, Especially in Relation to Deformities, 1861.
• Litzenberg, Jennings C.: The Care of Premature Infants, with Special Reference to the Use of Home-Made Incubators, 1908.
• Losty, Margaret A. et al: A Transport Service for Premature Babies in New York City, American Journal of Nursing, 1950. 
• Lyons, John A.: Incubators and Milk Laboratory Feeding, 1897.
• Maillart, Hector: “Quelques Réflexions sur le Fonctionnement et les Résultats des Couveuses Lion pendant l’Exposition Nationale,” Revue Médicale de La Suisse Romande, 1896.
• Marfan, A. (Editor): Le Nourrisson, Revue d’Hygiéne et de Pathologie de las Premiér Enfance, 1924
• Maygrier, Charles: Les consultations des nourrissons, 1903. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France. (French) 
• McClanahan, H. M.: Management of Delicate and Premature Infants in the Home, 1914.
• Minot, Francis: On Hemorrhage from the Umbilicus in New-born Infants, with an Analysis of Forty-six Cases, 1852.
• de Montgolfier, Casati: Enfants Prématurés – Leur puériculture par des couveuses publiques, 1913.
• Morse, John Lovett: A Study of the Caloric Needs of Premature Infants, 1904.
• Morse, John Lovett: The Care and Feeding of Premature Infants, 1905.
• O’Brien, H.R. and Murphy, Marion I.: A County Program for the Care of Prematures, American Journal of Public Health, January, 1941.
• Pascaud, V.: La Couveuse Artificielle chez les Nouveau-Nés, Paris, 1899. Source: National Library of Medicine microfilm.
• Pemell, Robert: De Morbis Puerorum, or, A Treatise of the Diseases of Children, 1653.
• Pinard, M. A.: Tarnier Memorium with photos and obituary, 1898.
• Pinard, M. A.: Presentation d’Appareil (describing the Lion incubator), 1893. Source: gallica.bnf.fr.
• Portes, L.: Éloge du professeur Adophe Pinard (1844-1934), 1943. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France. (French) 
• Queirolo, César-A: Les couveuses d’enfant et le gavage, 1897.
• Ransom, S. W.: The Care of Premature and Feeble Infants, 1898.
• Roberton, John: Observations on the Mortality and Physical Management of Children, 1827. Source: Wellcome Collection.
• Rotch, T. M.: A Description of a New Incubator, 1893.
• Rotch, T. M.: Pediatrics: The Hygienic and Medical Treatment of Children, 1895.
• Sadler, S. H.: Infant Feeding by Artificial Means, Second Edition, 1896.
• Sadler, S. H.: Infant Feeding by Artificial Means, Third Edition, 1909.
• Sidbury, J. Buren: Transfusion through the Umbilical Vein in Hemorrhage of the New-Born, 1923.
• Silverman, William A.: Incubator-Baby Side Shows, 1979. Reproduced by permission of Pediatrics.
• Silverman, William A.: Postscript to Incubator-Baby Side Shows, 1980. Reproduced by permission of Pediatrics.
• Silverman, William A.: Retrolental Fibroplasia: A Modern Parable, 1980.
• Smellie, William: Of the Management of new-born Children, with the Diseases to which they are subject, from A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery, Volume I, Fourth Edition, 1762.
• Smith, Eustache: On the Wasting Diseases of Infants and Children, 1885.
• Smith, George F. and Vidyasagar, Dharmapuri (Ed): Historical Review and Recent Advances in Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, 1980.
• Smith, James Walter: Baby Incubators, 1896.
• Sobel, Jacob: Antenatal and Neonatal Protection of the Infant, 1926.
• Starr, Louis: Hygiene of the Nursery, 2nd edition, 1889.
• Stuart, Francis H.: De Lion Incubator at Low Maternity Hospital, 1901.
• Tarnier, S.: Des soins à donner aux enfants nés avant terme, 1885. (French with English translation)
• Tarnier, S.: Des soins à donner aux enfants nés avant terme, 1885. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France. (French) 
• Taylor, Wm. H.: Some Points in Relation to Premature Children, 1887.
• Thoms, Herbert: An Efficient and Inexpensive Incubator, 1919.
• Tidy, C. Meymott: On Human Milk, 1868.
• Townsend, Charles W. The Haemorrhagic Disease of the New-Born, 1894.
• Ungaro, V.: Budin, 1907.
• Voorhees, James D.: The Care of Premature Babies in Incubators, 1900.
• Waterman, S.: Revivification, 1883.
• Winckel, F.: Über Anwendung permanenter Bäder bei Neugeborenen, 1882.
• Winckel, F.: On the Use of a Constant Bath for New-Born Children, 1884 [English abstract].
• Zahorsky, John: The Baby Incubators on the “Pike,” published in 9 installments, 1905.
• Zahorsky, John: The Worlds Fair, excerpt from his autobiography, 1949.

Classic Books in Neonatal Medicine (Sorted by Author)

• Armstrong: George: An Essay on the Diseases Most Fatal to Infants, 1767. Source: Wellcome Collection.
• Baumes, Thimotée: Traité de l’Ictère ou Jaunisse des Enfants de Naissance [Treatise on Icterus or Jaundice of the Newborn, 2nd edition] ,, 1785.
• Berthod, Paul: La Couveuse et le Gavage a la Maternité de Paris [The Incubator and Gavage Feeds
  at the Paris Maternity Hospital], Thesis version, 1887.
• Berthod, Paul: La Couveuse et le Gavage a la Maternité de Paris [The Incubator and Gavage Feeds at the Paris Maternity Hospital], 1887. Book version. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France.
• Budin, Pierre: Le Nourrisson, Paris, 1900 [French] 
• Budin, Pierre: The Nursling, English translation of 1907, text document.
• Budin, Pierre: The Nursling, English translation of 1907, scanned document. Source: Wellcome Collection. ,
• Budin, Pierre: Manuel Pratique d’Allaitement: Hygiène du Nourrisons, Second Edition, 1907. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / National Library of France
• Butler, Ellis Parker: The Incubator Baby, 1906.
• Cadogan, William: An Essay upon Nursing and the Management of Children, from their Birth to Three Years of Age, Third Edition, 1749.
• Children’s Bureau (U.S. Department of Labor): Infant Care, 1914. Source: Georgetown Univ.
• Children’s Bureau (Social Security Administration): Infant Care, 1945. Source: Google Books.
• Coffin, A. I.: Treatment of the Child, from Treatise on Midwifery, 1878.
• Conyers, Richard: De Morbis Infantum ,, 1729.
• Czerny, A. D. and Keller, A.: Des Kindes Ernährung, Ernährungsstörungen und Ernährungstherapie. Franz Deuticke, Leipzig and Vienna, 1906.
• Dunham, Ethel C.: Premature Infants: A Manual for Physicians, 1948. 
• Dunham, Ethel C. and Crane, Marian M.: Standards and Recommendations for Hospital Care of Newborn Infants, 1943.
• Flagg, Paluel J: The Art of Resuscitation, 1944.
  • Chapter 8 – Asphyxia Neonatorum
  • Appendix 3 – Asphyxia Neonatorum
• Foundling Hospital, London: “An account of the hospital for the maintenance and education of exposed and deserted young children…” 1749. 
• Fullerton, Anna M.: The Ailments of Early Infancy, chapter 11 of A Handbook of Obstetrical Nursing, 1891. Source: Library of Congress. 
• Hahn, Camille: Des Prématurés: Caractéres, Pronostic, Traitement, 1901.
• Harris, Walter: De Morbis Acutis Infantum, 1693. (This printing is from 1720, Latin) Source: Wellcome Collection. 
• Harris, Walter: De Morbis Acutis Infantum, translated into English as An Exact Inquiry into the Diseases of Infants by William Cockburn in 1693, this printing is from 1694. Source: Internet Archive. 
• Hecker, R. and Trumpp, J.: Atlas und Grudriss der Kinderheilkunde [Atlas and Outline of Pediatrics], 1905. German (original), English, French.
• Hess, Julius H.: Premature and Congenitally Diseased Infants, 1922. Scanned book. Source: Google Books. 
• Hess, Julius H.: Infant Feeding: A Handbook for the Practitioner, 1924. 
• Hess, Julius H. and Lundeen, Evelyn C.: The Premature Infant, Its Medical and Nursing Care, 1941.
• Holt, L. Emmett: Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, 1898. 
• Ludwig, C. and Schultze, B. S.: Der Scheintod Neugeborener, 1871.
• Phaire, Thomas: The Boke of Chyldren, 1545.
• Pernell, Robert: De Morbis Puerorum, or, A Treatise of the Diseases of Children, 1653.
• Roberton, John: Observations on the Mortality and Physical Management of Children, 1827. Source: Wellcome Collection.
• Rotch, T. M.: Pediatrics: The Hygienic and Medical Treatment of Children, 1895.
• Sadler, S. H.: Infant Feeding by Artificial Means, Second Edition, 1896. Source: Wellcome Collection.
• Sadler, S. H.: Infant Feeding by Artificial Means, 1909.
• Silverman, William A.: Retrolental Fibroplasia: A Modern Parable, 1980.
• Smellie, William: Of the Management of new-born Children, with the Diseases to which they are subject, from A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery, Volume I, Fourth Edition, 1762.
• Smith, Eustache: On the Wasting Diseases of Infants and Children, 1885.
• Smith, George F. and Vidyasagar, Dharmapuri: Historical Review and Recent Advances in Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, 1980.
• Starr, Louis: Hygiene of the Nursery, 2nd edition, 1889. Source: Google Books.
• Tarnier, S., Budin, P., Chantreuil, J.: Allaitement et Hygiène des Enfants Nouveau-Nés: Couveuse et Gavage, 1888. Source: Wellcome Collection.
• Underwood, Michael: A Treatise on the Diseases of Children, 1784. Source: Wellcome Library.
• Underwood, Michael: A Treatise on the Diseases of Children, Revised and Expanded (2 volumes),1789. Source: Wellcome Library.
• Zahorsky, John: Baby Incubators. 1905. The collected articles from St. Louis Courier of Medicine.

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Last Updated on 12/06/25